Vacuum freeze-drying utilizes sublimation: materials are rapidly frozen at low temperatures, after which water molecules sublimate directly from ice to vapor under vacuum. Maintained at low temperatures throughout the process, the material preserves uniformly distributed ice crystals, eliminating concentration risks caused by dehydration. This mechanism prevents side effects such as foaming and oxidation. The end product features a porous “dry sponge” architecture, maintaining original volume for complete rehydration while minimizing physical, chemical, and biological degradation.
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